Yama and Niyama – first two limbs of the eightfold path of yoga
Patanjali, considered to be the earliest exponent of systematic Yoga, has laid down a step-by-step approach in his Yoga Sutras, called the eightfold path of Yoga. Yama and Niyama are the first two limbs of the (Ashtanga Yoga) eightfold path of yoga, as outlined by Sage Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras. They represent ethical and moral principles that guide a practitioner toward a harmonious and balanced life. Simply put, the yamas are things not to do, or restraints, while the Niyamas are things to do or observances. Together, Yama and Niyama form a moral code of conduct. The practice of Yama and Niyama is considered foundational for progressing in the path of yoga.
- Yama:
- Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Practicing kindness, non-harming, and compassion towards all living beings.
- Satya (Truthfulness): Being truthful in thoughts, speech, and actions.
- Asteya (Non-Stealing): Avoiding theft, both in a material and non-material sense, and respecting others’ possessions.
- Brahmacharya (Moderation): Practicing moderation in all aspects of life, including relationships, and conserving energy for spiritual growth.
- Aparigraha (Non-Greed): Avoiding coveting or clinging to material possessions, practicing non-attachment.
- Niyama:
- Saucha (Purity): Maintaining cleanliness and purity in the body, mind, and environment.
- Santosha (Contentment): Cultivating contentment with what one has and finding joy in the present moment.
- Tapas (Discipline): Cultivating self-discipline, austerity, and the burning enthusiasm needed for spiritual practice.
- Svadhyaya (Self-Study): Engaging in self-reflection, self-study, and the study of sacred texts to deepen understanding.
- Ishvara Pranidhana (Surrender to the Divine): Surrendering to a higher power, acknowledging the divine, and dedicating one’s actions to a higher purpose.
Practicing Yama and Niyama is considered essential for creating a strong foundation for the further stages of yoga, which include physical postures (asana), breath control (pranayama), sense withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and self-realization (samadhi). These ethical guidelines help individuals lead a balanced, ethical, and spiritually-oriented life.
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